Russian and Chinese presence in sub-Saharan Africa: interpreting the signs of France-Africa's denial

Abstract

Today, Africa is undergoing numerous transformations. These changes are certainly linked to the contemporary global context, which is marked by extensive upheavals; yet they also stem from the contingencies layered upon the long and painful history of the continent, particularly in its encounters with the rest of the world. Among the shifts characterizing this moment, one observes Africa’s growing distance from former lines of solidarity that have become increasingly uncertain for a continent still bearing the scars of the slave trade and colonization. This distancing is accompanied by a move toward “new lands,” embodied by certain so-called emerging powers, chiefly China and Russia. This study seeks to analyze the dynamics of attraction and repulsion that currently shape Africa’s position, in order to identify the signs of a disavowal of Françafrique. Ultimately, it also aims to consider the continent’s relationship to the world in a way that no longer casts it as an object devoid of its own agency. To do so, the analysis draws on a historical method, enriched by multidisciplinary contributions and careful observation of current events. The findings suggest, on the one hand, that the “implosion” of Françafrique reflects a widely shared desire for emancipation within an Africa searching for new points of reference and new models. On the other hand, although China and Russia appear to be positioning themselves as particularly influential “model-references” for Africa, the older lines of solidarity remain resilient, yet can no longer be articulated without strong demands for dignity.